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也称Shell命令#xff0c;是用户与操作系统内核进行交互的命令解释器#xff0c;它接收用户输入的命令并将其传递给操作系统进行执行#xff0c;可分为内部命令和外部命令。内部命令是Shell程序的一部分#xff0c;而外部命令是独立于Shell的可执行程序…
Linux 终端操作命令
也称Shell命令是用户与操作系统内核进行交互的命令解释器它接收用户输入的命令并将其传递给操作系统进行执行可分为内部命令和外部命令。内部命令是Shell程序的一部分而外部命令是独立于Shell的可执行程序。
内部命令
内部命令实际上是shell程序的一部分由shell程序识别并在shell程序内部完成运行通常在Linux系统加载运行时shell就被加载并驻留在系统内存中。内部命令是写在bash源码里面的因为解析内部命令shell不需要创建子进程其执行速度比外部命令快。比如alias break cd echo exit pwd 等。
外部命令
外部命令是bash shell之外的程序也并不是shell的一部分。外部命令位于/bin/sbin /usr/bin 或 /usr/sbin 等系统目录中。外部命令是Linux系统中的实用程序部分因为实用程序的功能通常都比较强大所以其包含的程序量也会很大在系统加载时并不随系统一起被加载到内存中而是在需要时才将其调用内存。通常外部命令的实体并不包含在shell中但是其命令执行过程是由shell程序控制的。比如 awk grep pingtar vi 等。 除Linux系统自带的外部命令通常需要安装对应的程序包才能使用内部命令之外的所有可执行程序都可以被认作为外部命令。
内外部命令区别
内部命令在系统启动时就调入内存是常驻内存的所以执行效率高。
外部命令是系统的软件功能用户需要时才从硬盘中读入内存执行速度比内部命令慢。
内部命令列表
help命令可以列出所有内部命令
hannHannYang:~$ help GNU bash, version 5.0.17(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type help to see this list. Type help name to find out more about the function name. Use info bash to find out more about the shell in general. Use man -k or info to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. job_spec [] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] (( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMAN . filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] : kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec . [ arg... ] let arg [arg ...] [[ expression ]] local [option] name[value] ... alias [-p] [name[value] ... ] logout [n] bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u popd [-n] [N | -N] break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [N | -N | dir] caller [expr] pwd [-LP] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esa read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-]] [dir] readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [ command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[value] ...] or readonly -p compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globp return [n] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A act select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done compopt [-o|o option] [-DEI] [name ...] set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] continue [n] shift [n] coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[value] ...] source filename [arguments] dirs [-clpv] [N] [-N] suspend [-f] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] test [expr] echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] times eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirecti true exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...] export [-fn] [name[value] ...] or export -p typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[value] ... false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [patrep] [c umask [-p] [-S] [mode] fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...] for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables getopts optstring name [arg] wait [-fn] [id ...] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
通过整理以上内容得到 68 个命令、函数、变量以及控制指令
1aliasalias [-p] [name[value] ... ]2bgbg [job_spec ...]3bindbind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u 4breakbreak [n]5builtinbuiltin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]6callercaller [expr]7casecase WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esa8cdcd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-]] [dir]9commandcommand [-pVv] command [arg ...]10compgencompgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globp11completecomplete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A act12compoptcompopt [-o|o option] [-DEI] [name ...]13continuecontinue [n]14coproccoproc [NAME] command [redirections]15declaredeclare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[value] ...]16dirsdirs [-clpv] [N] [-N]17disowndisown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...]18echoecho [-neE] [arg ...]19enableenable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]20evaleval [arg ...]21execexec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirecti22exitexit [n]23exportexport [-fn] [name[value] ...] or export -p24falsefalse25fcfc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [patrep] [c26fgfg [job_spec]27for for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done 28functionfunction name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }29getoptsgetopts optstring name [arg]30hashhash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]31helphelp [-dms] [pattern ...]32historyhistory [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename]33ifif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMAN34jobsjobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]35killkill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec .36letlet arg [arg ...]37locallocal [option] name[value] ...38logoutlogout [n]39mapfilemapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t40popdpopd [-n] [N | -N]41printfprintf [-v var] format [arguments]42pushdpushd [-n] [N | -N | dir]43pwdpwd [-LP]44readread [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] 45readarrayreadarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [46readonlyreadonly [-aAf] [name[value] ...] or readonly -p47returnreturn [n]48selectselect NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done49setset [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]50shiftshift [n]51shoptshopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]52sourcesource filename [arguments]53suspendsuspend [-f]54testtest [expr]55timetime [-p] pipeline56timestimes57traptrap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]58truetrue59typetype [-afptP] name [name ...]60typesettypeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[value] ...61ulimitulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]62umaskumask [-p] [-S] [mode]63unaliasunalias [-a] name [name ...]64unsetunset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]65untiluntil COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done66variablesvariables - Names and meanings of some shell variables67waitwait [-fn] [id ...]68whilewhile COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
内部命令分类
自己动手分类吧具体分类明天继续......
